FOOTNOTES
1. Giles, Michael, "The Atlanta Project: A Community-Based Approach to Solving Urban Problems," National Civic Review (1993:82): 354-363.
2. The Carter Center, "The Atlanta Project," (1995: Handsnet Forum).
3. Halpern, Robert, Rebuilding the Inner City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995): 210.
5. U.S. General Accounting Office, Community Development: Comprehensive Approaches Address Multiple Needs But Are Challenging to Implement (Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, 1995).
6. Smock, Kristina, The Target Area Designation Program: Evaluation Report (Portland, Oregon: Bureau of Housing and Community Development, 1996).
9. Handsnet Forum on Comprehensive Strategies.
10. Chaskin, Robert, The Ford Foundation's Neighborhood and Family Initiative: Toward a Model of Comprehensive, Neighborhood-Based Development (Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children, 1992): 1.
11. Eisen, Arlene, "Survey of Neighborhood-Based, Comprehensive Community Empowerment Initiatives," Health Education Quarterly (1994: 21): 236.
13. Stone, Rebecca, "Comprehensive Community-Building Strategies: Issues and Opportunities for Learning" (Chicago: Chapin Hall for Children, 1994).
16. Fisher, Robert, Let The People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994):188.
17. All information for this section is based on Fisher (1994) and Halpern (1995) except where otherwise indicated.
21. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Empowerment: A New Covenant with America's Communities (Washington, DC: HUD Office of Policy Development and Research).
22. Etzione, Amitai, The Spirit of Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993): 142.
24. Putnam, Robert, "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life," The American Prospect (1993: 13): 42.
25. Kretzmann, John and John McKnight, Building Communities From the Inside Out (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University, 1993).
26. Berry, Jeffrey, Ken Portney and Ken Thomson, The Rebirth of Urban Democracy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, 1993): 290.
33. Sklar, Holly and Peter Medoff, Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (Boston, Masachusetts: South End Press, 1994).
35. Information on the Target Area Designation Program is based on my experience as the coordinator of one of the target areas as well as my evaluation of the program for the Bureau of Housing and Community Development.
37. Solomon, Burt, "Power to the People?" National Journal (1991) 204-209.
38. Purdy, Janis, "Revitalizing Cleveland: Organizing Citizens to Respond to the Challenge," National Civic Review (1993:82): 116-125.
40. Jones, Delmos, Joan Montbach and Joan Turner, "Are Local Organizations Local?," Social Policy (Fall, 1982): 44.
46. see Fisher, Halpern, Jackson.
48. Molotch, Harvey, "Capital and Neighborhood in the United States," Urban Affairs Quarterly (1979: 14): 291.
50. Hunter, Albert, "National Neighborhoods: Communal Class Politics and the Rise of the National Neighborhood Movement," working paper (New Haven, CT: Yale University Institution for Social and Policy, 1991): 19.
51. Handsnet Forum on Comprehensive Strategies.
62. The Collaboration Project, Collaborating for Change in Chicago (Chicago: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 1993): 9.
64. The Collaboration Project, Collaboration Makes Good Business Sense (Chicago: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 1993): 6.
65. Taub, Richard, George Surgeon, Sara Lindholm, Phyllis Betts Otti, and Amy Bridges, "Urban Voluntary Associations, Locality Based and Externally Induced," American Journal of Sociology (1977: 83): 426-7.
66. Author's interview of John McKnight, February 1, 1996.
67. Mansbridge, Jane, Beyond Adversary Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 1980): 25.
74. The Collaboration Project, "Collaboration Makes Good Business...": 8-9.