LOYOLA UNIVERSITY                   STEPHEN P. WERNET, MSW, Ph.D.
SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK                              OFFICE: SH 202
SPRING SEMESTER 1995                   OFFICE TELEPHONE: 915-7013
                                 OFFICE HOURS:Tuesday 10-11:30 AM
                                                 Wednesday 3-5 PM
                                            Thursday 2:00-3:00 PM
                                                  &
                                            BY APPOINTMENT

SOWK 509: POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNlTY INTERVENTION

Course Description

Course Objectives

1. discuss the basic concept of community as a system and how it influences problems, perspectives, behaviors and thoughts;
2. discuss the role that politics, political interests and political power play in a community system;
3. discuss the role of citizen participation and empowerment in community and community intervention strategies; and
4. demonstrate an analytic capability and decision-making framework for community interventions.

Required Textbook

Course Requirements

The final grade for this course is calculated from two components:

1. class participation (50%); and
2. a course project (50%).

Participation

1. An active participant will be involved in the class to the extent that she/he asks pertinent questions, shares relevant insights and contributes to the general learning of the class. Active participation will earn 100 points.
2. A moderately active participant will be involved in the class to the extent that he/she actively listens, reacts to in formation, and asks relevant questions when confused by course content. Moderately active participation will earn 86 points.
3. A passive participant will be involved in the class to the extent that she/he attends. Passive participation will earn 70 points.

Course Project

The final report on the case study entails a 15-20 page paper that adequately describes the community project. APA format is required for the proposal. The completed project will be due on the last day of class, i.e. Wednesday April 26, 1995. The total possible earned point for the final paper are 100.

The final grade for the course will be assigned according to the following distribution:

A: 90 - 100 points
B: 80 - 89 points
C: 70 - 79 points
D: 60 - 69 points
F: 0 - 59 points

No curve is used in this course.

No extra credit assignments are used in this course.

Extensions for submission of course assignments will be given only in the most unusual circumstances.

COURSE SCHEDULE

• January 18, 1995: Course Orientation
• January 25, 1995: Defining Community
  • K. Heller. 1989. The return to community. American Journal of Community Psychology. 17(1), 1-15.
  • C. Milfosky. 1988. Scarcity and community: A resource allocation theory of community and mass society organizations. in C. Milofsky (ed). Community Organizations. Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • B. Wellman and B. Leighton. 1979. Networks, neighborhoods and communities. Approaches to the study of the community question. Urban Affairs Quarterly. 14(3), 363-390.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • A. Hunter and S. Riger. 1986. The meaning of community in comunity mental health. Journal of Community Psychology. 14, 55-71.
      • C. Milofsky. 1988. Introduction. Networks, markets, culture and contracts: Understanding community organizations. in C. Milofsky (ed). Community Organizations. Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange. New York: Oxford University Press.
      • R.A. Lohmann. 1991. The Commons: A multidisciplinary approach to nonprofit organization, voluntary action and philanthropy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(3), 309-324.
      • B. Miller. 1993. Collective action and rational choice: Place, community and the limits of individual self-interest. Economic Geography. 22-42.
      • J.R. Logan and G. Rabrenovic. 1990. Neighborhood associations. Their issues, their allies and their opponents. Urban Affairs Quarterly. 26(1), 68-94.
• February 1, 1995: Resource Mobilization and Social Movements
  • J. McCarthy and M. Zald. 1977. Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology. 82 (6), 1212-1241.
  • J.C. Jenkins. 1983. Resource mobilization theory and the study of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology. 9, 527-553.
• February 8, 1995: Resource Mobilization and Social Movements (con't)
  • S. M. Buechler. 1993. Beyond resource mobilization? Emerging trends in social movement theory. The Sociological Quarterly. 34(2), 217-235. S. Tarrow. 1988. National politics and collective action: Recent theory and research in Western Europe and the United States. Annual Review of Sociology. 14, 421-440.
  • S. Wernet. 1992. A Case Study of Influencing Social Policy through Legislation and Litigation. in T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds). Community Organization and Social Administration: Advances, Trends and Emerging Principles. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc.
  • D.W. Sink and G. Stowers. 1989. Coalitions and their effect on the urban policy agenda. Administration in Social Work. 13(2), 83-98.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • R. Turner. 1983. Figure and ground in the analysis of social movements. Symbolic Interaction. 6(2), 175-181.
      • M. Roberts-DeGennaro. 1987. Patterns of exchange relatioships in building coaltions. Administration in Social Work. 11(1), 59-67.
      • K. Heller. 1992. Ingredients for effective community change: Some field observations. American Journal of Community Psychology. 20(2), 143-163.
      • G.K. Danns. 1986. The power of the powerless: Resource mobilization and social movements in a Third World reality. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 255-284.
      • D.A. Snow, E.B. Rochford, S.K. Wroden and R.D. Benford. 1986. Frame alignment processes, micromobilization and movement participation. American Sociological Review. 51(August), 464-481.
• February 15, 1995: Voluntary Action
  • D.S. Story. 1992. Volunteerism: The "self-regarding" and "other-regarding" aspects of the human spirit. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(1), 3-18.
  • D.H. Smith. 1994. Determinants of voluntary association participation and volunteering: A literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(3), 243-263.
  • R.A. Cnaan and L. Amrofell. 1994. Mapping volunteer activity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(4), 335-351.
• February 22, 1995: Voluntary Action (con't)
  • E.G. Clary, M. Snyder, J.T. Copeland, and S.A. French. 1994. Promoting volunteerism: An empirical examination of the appeal of persuasive messages. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(3), 265-280.
  • R.A. Cnaan and R.S. Goldberg-Glen. 1991. Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 27(3), 269-284.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • R. Sundeen and S.A. Rashoff. 1994. Volunteering among teenagers in the United States. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(4), 383-404
      • R. Sundeen. 1992. Differences in personal goals and attitudes among volutneers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(3), 271-291.
• March 1, 1995: Voluntary Action (con't)
  • D. M. Austin and C. Woolever. 1992. Voluntary association boards: A reflection of member and community characteristics. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(2), 181-194.
  • A. M. Thompson III. 1993. Volunteers and their communities: A comparative analysis of volunteer fire fighters. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 22(2), 155-166.
  • J. H. Stanfield II. 1993. African American traditions of civic responsibility. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 22(2), 137-154.
• March 8, 1995: SPRING BREAK: NO CLASS
• March 15, 1995: Voluntary Action (con't)
  • D.H. Smith 1993. Public benefit and member benefit nonprofit, voluntary groups. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 22(1), 53-68.
  • D.H. Smith 1992. A neglected type of voluntary nonprofit organization: Exploration of the semiformal, fluid-membership organization. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(3), 251-270.
  • C. Milofsky. 1988. Structure and process in community self-help organizations. in C. Milofsky (ed). Community Organizations. Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • D. Knoke. 1985. The political economies of associations. Research in Political Sociology. 1: 211-242.
      • D.H. Smith. 1991. Four Sectors or Five? Retaining the Member-Benefit Sector. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 20(2), 137-150.
      • B.Edwards. 1994. Semiformal organizatinal structure among social movement organizations: An analysis of the U.S. peace movement. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(4), 309-334.
      • J. Messer. 1994. Emergent organization as a practical strategy. Executing trustee functions in Alcoholics Anonymous. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 23(4), 293-308.
      • A. Trojan, E. Halves, H.Wetendorf, and R. Bauer. 1990. Activity areas and developmental stages in self-help groups. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 19(3), 263-278.
      • S.Z. Kalifon. 1991. Self-help groups providing services: Conflict and change. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 20(2), 191-206.
• March 22, 1995: Resource Mobilization/ Social Movements - The Activists
  • R. Kleidman. 1994. Volunteer activism and professionalism in social movement organizations. Social Problems. 41(2), 257-276.
  • L. Moore. 19XX. Social workers and the development of the NAACP. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. XX(X), 125-137.
  • S.F. Cohen, S.E. Barkan and W.H. Whitaker. 1993. Activists against hunger: Membership charaxteristics of a national social movement organization. Sociological Forum. 8(1), 113-131.
  • S. Cable, E.J. Walsh, and R.H. Warland. 1988. Differential paths to political activism: Comparisons of four mobilization processes after the Three Mile Island accident. Social Forces. 66(4), 951-969.
  • P.D. Elkland. 1992. Active members in nuclear repository issues organizations: A demographic research note. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 21(1), 95-104.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • D. Sherkat and T.J. Blocker. 1994. The political development of Sixties' activists: Identifying the influence of class, gender, and socialization on protest participation. Social Forces. 72(3), 821-842.
      • G.L. Wiltfang and D. McAdam. 1991. The costs and risks of social activism: A study of sanctuary movement activism. Social Forces. 69(4), 987-1010.
      • F. Heunks. 1991. Varieties of activism in three western democracies. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 20(2), 151-172.
      • Hunter & Staggenborg. 1986. Communities do act: Neighborhood characteristics, resource mobilization, and political action by local community organizations. The Social Science Journal. 23 (2), 169-180.
      • J.S. Slovak. 1986. Attachments in the nested community: Evidence from a case study. Urban Affairs Quarterly. 21(4), 575-597.
      • A.M. Guest and R.S. Oropesa. 1986. Informal social ties and political activity in the metropolis. Urban Affairs Quarterly. 21(4), 550-574.
• March 29, 1995: Resource Mobilization/Social Movements - The Elites
  • S.A. Waddock and J.E. Post. 1991. Social entrepreneurs and catalytic change. Public Administration Review. 51(5), 393-401.
  • D. Gibson. 1990. The role of the establishment in the antinuclear movement. Sociological Spectrum. 10, 321-340.
  • S. Staggenborg. 1988. The consequences of professionalization and formalization in the pro-choice movement. American Sociological Review. 53, 585-605.
  • J.C. Jenkins and C.M. Eckert. 1986. Channeling black insurgency: Elite patronage and profesionnal social movement organizations in the development of the black movement. American Sociological Review. 51, 812-829.
  • N.E. McGlen and K. O'Connor. 1988. Toward a theoretical model of countermovements and constitutional change: A case study of the ERA. Women & Politics. 8(3/4), 45-71.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • J. McCarthy, D. Britt, and M. Wolfson. 1991. The institutional channeling of social movements in the United States. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change. 13, 45-76.
      • L. Graham and R. Hogan. 1990. Social class and tactics: Neighborhood opposition to group homes. The Sociological Quarterly. 31(4), 513-529.
      • L.M. Overby and S.J. Ritchie. 1990. Mobilized masses and strategic opponents: A resource mobilization analysis of The Clean Air Act and nuclear freeze movements. The Western Political Quarterly. XX(X), 329-351.
• April 5, 1995: Resource Mobilization - Strategies and Tactics
  • S. E. Barkan. 1979. Strategic, tactical and organizational dilemmas of the protest movement against nuclear power. Social Problems. 27(1), 19-37.
  • F. Lawson. 1983. Origins and evolutions of a social movement strategy: The rent strike in New York City, 1904-1980. Urban Affairs Quarterly. 18(3), 371-395.
  • R. Stoecker. 1993. The federated frontstage structure and localized social movements: A case study of the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood movement. Social Science Quarterly. 74(1), 169-184.
    • Recommended Readings:
      • M. Kahn. 1994. Organizing for structural reform: The case of the New Jersey Tenants Organization. Journal of Community Practice. 1(2), 87-112.
      • A.R. Harvey. 19XX. A Black community development model: The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League 1917-1940. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. XX(X), 113-124.
      • L.M. Gutierrez.1994. Beyond coping: An empowerment perspective on stressful life events. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. 21 (3), 201-219.
      • D. Chavis, P. Florin and M. Felix. 1992. Nurturing grassroots initiatives for community development: The role of enabling systems. in T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds). Community Organization and Social Administration: Advances, Trends and Emerging Principles. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc.
      • J. Mondros and S. Wilson. 1992. Building high access community organizations: Structure as strategy. in T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds). Community Organization and Social Administration: Advances, Trends and Emerging Principles. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc.
      • T. Mizrahi and B. Rosenthal. 1992. Managing dynamic tensions in social change coalitions. in T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds). Community Organization and Social Administration: Advances, Trends and Emerging Principles. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc.
      • J.J. Shields. 1992. Evaluating community organization projects: The development of an empirically based measure. Social Work Research and Abstracts. 28(2), 15-20.
      • P. Burstein. 1991. Legal mobilization as a social movement tactic: The struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity. American Journal of Sociology. 96(5), 1201-1225.
      • B. Checkoway. 1991. Neighborhood needs and organizational resources: New lessons from Detroit. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 20(2), 173-190.
      • B. Granger and L. Moynihan. 1987. Successful engagement in social legislation: A case study. Administration in Social Work. 11(1), 37-45.
• April 12, 1995: Resource Mobilization - The First Stage
  • J.C. Jenkins and C. Perrow. 1977. Insurgency of powerless: Farm worker movements (1946-1972). American Sociological Review. 42 (April), 249-268.
  • E.J. Walsh. 1981 . Resource mobilization and citizen protest in communities around Three Mile Island. Social Problems. 29(1), 1-21.
  • E.L. Hirsch. 1986. The creation of political solidarity in social movement organizations. The Sociological Quarterly. 27(3), 373-387.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • M. Marger. 1984. Social Movement Organizations and Response to Environmental Change: The NAACP, 1960-1973. Social Problems. 32(1), 16-30.
      • B. Useem and M. Zald. 1983. From pressure group to social movement: Organizational dilemmas of the effort to promote nuclear power. Social Problems. 30(2), 144-156.
• April 19, 1995: Resource Mobilization - The Second Stage
  • E. Walsh, R. Warland and D.C. Smith. 1993. Backyards, NIMBYs and incinerator sitings: Implications for social movement theory. Social Problems. 40(1), 25-38.
  • C. Joppke. 1991. Social movements during cycles of issue attention: The decline of the antinuclear energy movements in West Germany and the USA. British Journal of Sociology. 42(1), 43-60.
  • D.S. Meyer and N. Whittier. 1994. Social Movement Spillover. Social Problems. 41(2), 277-298.
    • Recommended Reading:
      • M. Khawaja. 1994. Resource mobilization , hardship and popular collective action in the West Bank. Social Forces. 73(1), 191-220.
      • D.A. Barnes. 1987. Organization and radical protest: An antithesis. The Sociological Quarterly. 28(4), 575-594.
• April 26, 1995: Report on Course Projects

CLASS PROJECT IS DUE TODAY

A Select Reference List

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• Bellah, R.N., R. Madsen, W.M. Sullivan, A. Swidler and S.M. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart. Individualism and Commitment in American Life. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
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• Chambre, S.M. 1989. Kindling points of light: Volunteering as public policy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 18(3), 249-268.
• Chambre, S.M. 1991. The volunteer response to the AIDS Epidemic in New York City: Implications for reserach on voluntarism. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 20(3), 267-287.
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